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Teaching Project: Type 2 Diabetes

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Teaching Project (Topic Diabetes)
2. With faculty guidance, students will identify a topic or health (prevention, health promotion)
of interest to the group. Identification of the health issue will be based on evidence and
assessment of the community of interest. Students should consider a broad definition of “health”
and can include upstream issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health etc.
3. The group will develop a teaching plan which will include:
a. project teaching goals
b. measurable participant learning outcomes
c. overview of content
d. learning strategies
i. rationale for learning strategies selected
e. evaluation of program
i. learning evaluation tool
ii. results of evaluation
iii. plan for subsequent presentations (of the same topic) based on evaluations

Teaching Project: Type 2 Diabetes

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliations

Teaching Project: Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global burden that continues to present a major public health concern worldwide. One of the goals of Healthy People 2030 is to “Reduce the burden of diabetes and improve quality of life for all people who have, or are at risk for, diabetes (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2022.” To achieve this goal, federal, state, and local agencies should focus their diabetes prevention strategies to at risk populations and health promotion interventions to persons who have been diagnosed with the disease (Khan et al., 2020). Health literacy is an important social determinant of health that influences diabetes prevention and self-management among populations (Artiga & Hinton, 2018). According to the National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020, the prevalence of diabetes among adults in the United States is highest among American Indians with a rate of 14.7% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). The purpose of this project is to develop an education plan to teach American Indian adults at risk of developing diabetes about prevention strategies with the aim of improving their health literacy levels and enhancing their diabetes prevention abilities.

Teaching Plan

  1. Project Teaching Goals
  • To increase the proportion of American Indian adults in the community who adequately understand the risk factors for diabetes
  • To increase the percentage of American Indian adults who engage in healthy eating habits purposely to avoid developing diabetes
  • To increase the proportion of American Indian adults who engage in weight management activities such as physical activity and community-based weight loss programs to avoid developing diabetes
  • To increase the percentage of American Indian adults who visit the clinic for screening to enhance early identification of diabetes
  1. Measurable Participant Learning Outcomes

At the end of the teaching project;

  • Learners will be able to list factors that increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes
  • Learners will be able to identify diabetes diet and appreciate the value of adopting a healthy eating habit purposely to avoid developing diabetes
  • Learners will be able to apply evidence-based weight management interventions to reduce diabetes risk
  • Learners will be able to appreciate the importance of diabetes screening in promoting early identification of the disease
  1. Overview of Content

What is Diabetes?

            The number of people who are diagnosed with diabetes is on the rise today. Diabetes exists in three forms namely type 2 diabetes or diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly diagnosed among populations. Type 2 diabetes occurs either when the body in unable to produce sufficient insulin to act on blood glucose or when the body cannot respond appropriately to insulin, also called insulin resistance (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2022). These abnormalities usually result in elevated blood glucose levels and metabolic problems.

Risk Factors for Diabetes

Persons with diabetes usually develop severe health complications that negatively affect their quality of life. Diabetes is among the leading causes of death in many countries across the world. Since diabetes has no cure, it is highly imperative for populations to take appropriate measures to avoid developing the condition (Ismail et al., 2021). Avoiding risk factors for diabetes is one of the best approaches to prevent diabetes. For example, poor sleep quality or quantity characterized by sleeping for less than 6 hours per night increases a person’s risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) which may increase insulin resistance. Other risk factors for diabetes include; smoking, depression, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, diet with high fat and sugar/calorie contents, hypertension, aging, ethnicity, obesity, a family history of diabetes, and physical inactivity (Ismail et al., 2021).

Diabetes Diet and the Adoption of Healthy Eating Habits

There is a close link between dietary intake and diabetes risk. In this respect, the adoption of a healthy eating habit that entails adherence to diabetes diet can help to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), a diabetes diet comprises of healthy foods taken moderately while also maintaining regular meal time. A person who is on a diabetes diet consumes nutrient-rich foods with low calorie and fact contents. Other key elements that must be included in this diet are whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Patients with diabetes should work with their healthcare providers to develop a healthy eating plan.

Weight Management Interventions to Reduce Diabetes Risk

Excessive weight and obesity are the diabetes risk factors that can best be managed through weight management interventions. Physical activity and avoidance of sedentary lifestyle is an evidence-based intervention for managing weight to prevent the occurrence of obesity (Ismai et al., 2021). According to Lindberg et al. (2021), community-based weight loss programs helped to reduce diabetes risk among low-income Hispanic women. When choosing weight management programs to implement in order to reduce diabetes risk, individuals should utilize approaches whose effectiveness is supported by research evidence.

Screening for Diabetes

Diabetes screening promotes an early identification of patients who have pre-diabetes and those at increased risk of become diabetic in the future. It facilitates the implementation of appropriate interventions to prevent the occurrence of diabetes. A study conducted by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (2021) revealed that screening populations for diabetes type 2 and prediabetes offers an opportunity for timely referrals and for the implementation of effective preventive strategies to reduce diabetes risk.

  1. Learning Strategies
  • Individualized learning and instruction
  • Group-based learning
  • Case studies
  • Short exercises such as community needs assessment
  • Audio-visual and computer-based learning
  1. Rationale for Learning Strategies Selected

Health education targeting persons at risk of developing diabetes should utilize learning strategies that enhances the achievement of the desired learning objectives. The rationale for selecting the learning strategies named above is that they will enable learners to acquire knowledge and skills that enhance diabetes prevention (Martos-Carbrera et al., 2021). The instructor must consider the linguistic and cultural differences of the learners to ensure success.

  1. Evaluation of Program

The evaluation of the teaching program will be evaluated based on the learning objectives. These include;

  • The learners’ ability to list factors that increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes
  • The learners’ ability to identify diabetes diet and appreciate the value of adopting a healthy eating habit purposely to avoid developing diabetes
  • The learners’ ability to apply evidence-based weight management interventions to reduce diabetes risk
  • The learners’ ability to appreciate the importance of diabetes screening in promoting early identification of the disease
  1. Learning Evaluation Tool
  • Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation: Building a Foundation of Knowledge to Prioritize Community (The CHANGE Tool)
  1. Results of Evaluation
  • American Indians are able to list factors that increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes
  • American Indians are able to identify diabetes diet and appreciate the value of adopting a healthy eating habit purposely to avoid developing diabetes
  • American Indians are able to apply evidence-based weight management interventions to reduce diabetes risk
  • American Indians are able to appreciate the importance of diabetes screening in promoting early identification of the disease

iii. Plan for Subsequent Presentations (of the same topic) Based on Evaluations

  • Implement the teaching program monthly to American Indians to promote diabetes prevention

References

Artiga, S. & Hinton, E. (2018). Beyond health care: The role of social determinants in promoting health and health equity. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf

Ismail, L., Materwala, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2021). Association of risk factors with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 19, 1759–1785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.003

Khan, M., Hashim, M. J., King, J. K., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2020). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 10(1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001

Lindberg, N. M., Vega-López, S., LeBlanc, E. S., Leo, M. C., Stevens, V. J., Gille, S., Arias-Gastelum, M., & Meenan, R. (2021). Lessons learned from a program to reduce diabetes risk among low-income hispanic women in a community health clinic. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 489882. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.489882

Martos-Cabrera, M. B., Gómez-Urquiza, J. L., Cañadas-González, G., Romero-Bejar, J. L., Suleiman-Martos, N., Cañadas-De la Fuente, G. A., & Albendín-García, L. (2021). Nursing-intense health education intervention for persons with Type 2 diabetes: A quasi-experimental study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070832

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Diabetes diet: Create your healthy eating plan. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-diet/art-20044295#:~:text=A%20diabetes%20diet%20simply%20means,fruits%2C%20vegetables%20and%20whole%20grains.

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). (2022). Diabetes. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/diabetes

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Screening for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 326(8), 736-743. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.12531.