I need a rewrite using this material, ONLY USE THE FIRST 6 REFERENCES on the reference page attached in the document, all references should be within the last 5 years from today. Can\’t use any websites they are not scholarly, can be removed altogether. The annotated bibliography needs to have a brief summary after, then a critique paragraph. Keep everything in past tense.
no acronyms, please no symbols for AND, use the word. Include FULL NAMES OF JOURNALS AND NUMBERS.
BELOW IS WHAT INSTRUCTOR WROTE:
PLEASE INCLUDE VOLUME NUMBER AND ISSUE NUMBERS, PAGE RANGES the WADDEN reference and the WHO reference use the complete date of publication, watch capitalization of reference titles: capitalize the only first letter of the word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or dash in the title and proper nouns.
RECAP: REWRITE INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW WITH ONLY THE FIRST 6 REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCES PAGE , SEE ATTACHED DOCUMENT. THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS OKAY WITH THE SUMMARY, BUT ADD A CRITIQUE BEHIND EACH ONE THAT MATCHES THE FIRST 6 REFERENCES.
Obesity in Adults
Thia A. Sorina
Aspen University
HUM410: Scholarly Writing for Academic Success
Professor Gardner DNP, MSN Ed., RN
Abstract
Obesity in Adults
Introduction
Overweight and its associated health complications are a significant healthcare burden in the United States and globally. According to the World Health Organization (2021), over 650 million adults are obese worldwide, as adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered overweight. Obesity triggers chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (2022) contend that from 2017 to 2018, the obesity prevalence rate in the United States was 42.4 percent. Likewise, the government spends 147 billion annually to meet overweight–related medical costs (CDC,2022). However, obesity has complex pathogenesis comprising epigenetic, genetic, behavioral, medical, physiological, sociocultural, and environmental factors. With the increasing obesity prevalence rate in the United States, dietary, psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions effectively manage the condition among adults.
Literature Review
Google Scholar was the search engine utilized to obtain material for the Literature review section of this article, which was then used to write the paper itself. Thanks to Google Scholar, searching for scholarly papers for this literary assignment was more accessible. Using this tool, researchers can conduct a complete search for documents, books, theses, websites, and other publications.
Obesity is a global problem that has been there for time immemorial. It is not a new problem in the US as the country keeps witnessing a growing prevalence of the disease despite various measures and interventions to address the condition. Clinical researchers have also made remarkable strides towards understanding and addressing obesity as best as possible. However, the literature still points to the fact that the impact and prevalence of obesity are still growing in the US and the world, calling for increased efforts to address the problem efficiently.
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) research, the Obesity prevalence in the States between 2017 to 2018 was at 42.4 %. The Obesity prevalence has been increasing steadily from 1999 to 2018. The United States spent an average of 147 billion dollars in 2008 to cater for the medical costs of obesity. Obesity in the United States also varies depending on ethnicity and different age groups. In the United States, obese non-Hispanic black adults are currently the highest at 49.6 %, followed by Hispanic adults at 44.8% and non-Hispanic white adults at 42.2% (CDC, 2022).
The Obesity prevalence among adults has been increasing steadily since the 1980s, but the majority among the youth plateaued between 2013 and 2014 and between 2005 and 2006 (Hales et al., 2018). An empirical study conducted by Hales et al. (2018) revealed that the obesity prevalence among youths in the United States stood at 16.8% between 2007-2008 and 18.5% between 2015 to 2016. Most obesity among adults increased steadily from 33.7 % in 2007 to 39.6 % in 2015. The prevalence increased among adults aged 40 – 59 and among women.
Kushner and Kahan (2018) argue that the prevalence of obesity in the United States is still rising despite several attempts and progress on curbing the menace. The United States has made a stride in reducing the prevalence of obesity by increasing the social and political will to address the issue, raise public awareness, and develop new treatment options for the disease. Despite all these, the prevalence rates of obesity are still rising steadily in the United States and globally.
Obesity is the leading cause of significant health complications that are life-threatening, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, gall bladder disease, fatty liver disease, arthritis, and infertility (Moores, 2020). Obesity can be treated by engaging in weight loss with the help of a primary care physician. The doctor can recommend some weight loss medications or urge you to undergo weight loss surgery. A structured and well-established exercise program helps with weight loss (Wadden et al., 2020). The best way of preventing obesity is to perform daily moderate exercises and have a well-planned nutrition program.
Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of obesity has exponentially grown globally, with the majority being double for adults and children aged between 6-11 and triple for adolescents aged between 12-19 years (Upadhyay et al., 2018). Obesity is now a public health burden that has led to an increase in mortality and morbidity and the cost of health care. Obesity has often been falsely perceptualized to be caused by a lack of physical inactivity. Still, Upadhyay et al. (2018) argue that obesity is a chronic medical condition that arises due to an interplay of behavioral, genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. Gadde et al. (2018) urge citizens to embrace weight reduction practices to help calm the high prevalence of obesity.
The World Health Organization (2021) provides key facts and figures on obesity. Since 1975, Obesity prevalence has tripled worldwide. In 2016 alone, over 1.9 billion adults of 18 years were overweight. Obesity is preventable, and every person should try hard to watch their diet and exercise daily to ensure they do not get overweight (World Health Organization, 2021).
Wang et al. (2020) report that obesity in the United States has constantly risen despite pausing temporarily during 2009-2012. Wide disparities continue to be seen across different geographical regions and groups. Culturally tailored, sustainable, and effective interventions are required to help with obesity management (Wang et al., 2020). The obesity epidemic is majorly caused by environmental, health-related, and lifestyle changes.
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Adult Obesity Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
Gadde, K. M., Martin, C. K., Berthoud, H. R., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Obesity: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(1), 69-84.
Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. Jama, 319(16), 1723-1725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060
Kushner, R. F., & Kahan, S. (2018). Introduction: The state of obesity in 2017. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
Moores, D. (2020, July 31). Obesity. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity#complications
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., & Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity is a disease. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist, 75(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity leveled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz273
World Health Organization. (2021). Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Annotated Bibliography
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Adult Obesity Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
This article summarizes the impacts and the prevalence of obesity among adults in the United States. It demonstrates that cases of obesity are growing in the US along with is the associated socio-economic impacts. The impacts and prevalence of obesity are disproportionate among men and women and the various ethnic groups in the US. This article was helpful because it sheds light on how disproportion of the effects of obesity in men and women and other races. This article makes the researcher search deeper and gets the percentages between women, men, and specific races.
Gadde, K. M., Martin, C. K., Berthoud, H. R., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Obesity: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(1), 69-84.
This paper provides details on the pathophysiology of obesity, and the various interventions developed to address it. It recognizes that despite the sufficient knowledge people have gained about obesity pathophysiology, containing the high preference is still a challenge. The authors call upon citizens to embrace weight reduction practices and today’s available therapeutic options to manage the disease. Thia article was beneficial since it piqued the researcher’s interest, prompting the researcher to seek out further articles that focus on various weight loss methods. Because of this article, the reader will realize that they can have the ability to adapt to better options into their habits and to beat this disease.
Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. Jama, 319(16), 1723-1725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060
This empirical study evaluated the trends in obesity prevalence among US youth and adults between 2007-2008 and 2015-2016 to determine recent changes. This study followed a previous finding that, while obesity prevalence was growing among adults since the 1980s, the bulk flattened among youth between 2005-2006 and 2013-2014. The results reported no significant changes among the youth, while adults reported an increased prevalence. With the help of this article, a researcher can comprehend that some of the causes of increasing obesity in adults may be due to natural aging, genetics, or disease processes. At the time of the study, lifestyle, diet, and some medications were not common in the lives of young adults.
Kushner, R. F., & Kahan, S. (2018). Introduction: The state of obesity in 2017. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
As earlier reports indicate, Kushner & Kahan (2018) further underscore the growing prevalence of obesity in the US. Despite the many strides the world has made in understanding and addressing obesity, its majority has kept growing. It is going global as other Western, and non-Western countries are now catching up with the United States. They call for continued progress and increased efforts and focus in addressing the disease. Thia article benefited the researcher since it gave additional evidence that the united states and non-western countries are following the same patterns as western countries regarding an alarming increase of adult obesity and a desire for more effective treatment and cure.
Moores, D. (2020, July 31). Obesity. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity#complications
In this article, Moores handles the various aspects of obesity, including definition, classification, childhood obesity, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention, and pathophysiology. Studying this article, one can quickly obtain an adequate understanding of obesity. It reports a high prevalence of obesity in both children and adults in the US (18.5% and 42.4 respectively). This article assisted the researcher since it explains the origins and risk factors of obesity and its diagnosis, repercussions, therapy, prevention, and pathophysiology. By reading this article, the researcher can swiftly acquire complete comprehension of the subject of obesity. This article helped focus on research towards adult obesity treatment and cure options.
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., & Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity is a disease. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
This article describes obesity as a disease in its entirety. The authors also report a growing prevalence of obesity among various people, including children and youth, though most severe among adults. They clarified that obesity is caused by many factors that are beyond individuals’ control rather than inappropriate dietary choices and physical inactivity as most perceive. This study grabbed the researcher’s mind because its conclusions revealed incorrect eating habits and lack of physical activity are not the faults for the epidemic of obesity. The varied findings contributed to the further study for articles in building a final academic paper on obesity in adults.
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist, 75(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517
This interventional study implemented predeveloped Obesity Guidelines for losing weight, preventing weight gain, and improving the quality of life among obese people. This intervention followed the US Preventive Services Task Force’s earlier finding that approximately 95 million US adults were overweight and qualified for this care. The result showed a weight loss of up to 8 kg (8% of weight) in 6 months, improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors and quality of life, and no further weight gain after one year of continued participation. Thia article benefited the researcher by demonstrating that nearly 100 million people were classified as overweight and qualified for some form of obesity treatment. This treatment allowed for weight loss that decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease and assisted patients in maintaining their weight without regarding it after a specified period.
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity leveled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz273
This article also studied the obesity patterns and time trends across socio-economic and geographic parameters and projected the future situation using secondary data from national databases. The result reported a growing prevalence since 1999 with considerable variations among men and women, various ethnic groups, and geographical regions. Conclusively, the authors recommended implementing effective, sustainable, culturally tailored interventions to address obesity. This researcher found it fascinating that, based upon a 1999 survey, future obesity patterns may be anticipated for males, women, numerous ethnic groups, and various geographic parts of the world. Twenty-two years later, the globe is still searching for strategies to prevent weight gain through cultural interventions appropriate for each culture; what works for one culture may not work for another.
World Health Organization. (2021). Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
WHO also gives vital facts and differences between obesity and overweight and discusses other aspects, including definition, health consequences, complications with malnutrition, interventions, and WHO response. It gives adequate details about the worrying prevalence of obesity and overweight worldwide. The article brings another twist that obesity and malnutrition can exist in the same country, the same community, and the same household, as witnessed in many low- and middle-income countries. Thia article is exciting and authentic in that obesity and malnutrition may coexist in the same region, communities, and households, regardless of financial level. Thia article provided a thorough overview of obesity and overweight and all aspects of complications, interventions, and health effects worldwide.
Obesity in Adults
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Obesity in Adults
Introduction
Overweight and its associated health complications are a significant healthcare burden in the United States and across the globe. Even though the world continues to make remarkable strides in understanding obesity and coming up with better and more effective interventions to address the problem, its impacts and prevalence still continue to grow. According to Upadhyay et al. (2018), there has been exponential growth in obesity prevalence across the globe in the last three decades with adult and childhood (6–11 years) reporting doubling rates and youths (12–19 years) reporting rippling rates. Wadden et al. (2020) further assert that Approximately 95 million U.S. adults qualify for obesity screening and treatment. This trend is attributed to the difficulties in adhering to the recommended interventions (Gadde et al., 2017). Additionally, most people do not follow the recommended lifestyle for mitigating obesity in terms of nutrition, physical activities, regular checks, psychological evaluation among others. According to Wadden et al. (2020), effective results can only be attained if obese patients abide by all the aspects of treatment including behavioral, dietary, psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions. As such, this paper asserts that, with the increasing obesity prevalence rate in the United States, combining dietary, psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions methods can effectively manage obesity among adults.
Literature Review
Google Scholar was the search engine utilized to obtain material for the Literature review section of this article, which was then used to write the paper itself. Thanks to Google Scholar, searching for scholarly papers for this literary assignment was more accessible. Using this tool, researchers can conduct a complete search for documents, books, theses, websites, and other publications.
Obesity is a global problem that has been there for time immemorial. It is not a new problem in the US as the country keeps witnessing a growing prevalence of the disease despite various measures and interventions developed to address the condition. Clinical researchers have also made remarkable strides towards understanding and addressing obesity as best as possible. However, the literature still points to the fact that the impact and prevalence of obesity are still growing in the US and the world, calling for increased efforts to address the problem efficiently.
The Obesity prevalence among adults has been increasing steadily since the 1980s, but the majority among the youth plateaued between 2013 and 2014 and between 2005 and 2006 (Hales et al., 2018). An empirical study conducted by Hales et al. (2018) revealed that the obesity prevalence among youths in the United States stood at 16.8% between 2007-2008 and 18.5% between 2015 to 2016. Most obesity among adults increased steadily from 33.7 % in 2007 to 39.6 % in 2015. The prevalence increased among adults aged 40 – 59 and among women. Upadhyay et al. (2018) also found that over the past 30 years, the prevalence of obesity has exponentially grown globally, with the majority being double for adults and children aged between 6-11 and triple for adolescents aged between 12-19 years.
Kushner and Kahan (2018) also argue that the prevalence of obesity in the United States is still rising despite several attempts and progress on curbing the menace. Wang et al. (2020) report that obesity in the United States has constantly risen despite pausing temporarily during 2009-2012. Wide disparities continue to be seen across different geographical regions and groups. The United States has made a stride in reducing the prevalence of obesity by increasing the social and political will to address the issue, raise public awareness, and develop new treatment options for the disease. Despite all these, the prevalence rates of obesity are still rising steadily in the United States and globally.
Obesity is now a public health burden that has led to an increase in mortality and morbidity and the cost of health care. This trend is associated with wrong perceptions of obesity and inappropriate and incomplete application of the recommended intervention for addressing obesity. According to Upadhyay et al. (2018), obesity has often been falsely perceptualized to be caused by a lack of physical inactivity. They further clarify that obesity is a chronic medical condition that arises due to an interplay of behavioral, genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. According to Gadde et al. (2018), obesity is majorly caused by environmental, health-related, and lifestyle changes.
Obesity can be treated by engaging in weight loss with the help of a primary care physician. Weight loss programs should combine the interventions that target the various causes and risk factors of obesity, including environmental, health-related, and lifestyle changes. Gadde et al. (2018) urge citizens to embrace weight reduction practices to help calm the high prevalence of obesity. The best way to prevent obesity is to perform daily moderate exercises and have a well-planned nutrition program. A structured and well-established exercise program helps with weight loss (Wadden et al., 2020). Culturally tailored, sustainable, and effective interventions are required to help with obesity management (Wang et al., 2020Doctors can also recommend weight loss medications or weight loss surgery for some patients if necessary.
Despite all these recommendations, only a few patients follow them holistically. For instance, a patient may there to nutritional requirements but fail to do regular exercise, or they can go for medication but fails to adhere to lifestyle changes. According to Gadde et al. (2018), “many patients do not achieve long-lasting benefits due to difficulty with adherence as well as physiological and neurohormonal adaptation of the body in response to weight loss.” As such, this paper recommended the appropriate and committed application of all the recommended interventions, including lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, psychological health management, physical exercise, and pharmacological interventions in addressing the growing prevalence of obesity.
References
Gadde, K. M., Martin, C. K., Berthoud, H. R., and Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Obesity: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011
Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., and Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. Jama, 319(16), 1723-1725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060
Kushner, R. F., and Kahan, S. (2018). Introduction: The state of obesity in 2017. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., and Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity is a disease. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., and Butryn, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist, 75(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., and Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity leveled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz273
Annotated Bibliography
Gadde, K. M., Martin, C. K., Berthoud, H. R., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Obesity: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(1), 69-84.
This paper provides details on the pathophysiology of obesity, and the various interventions developed to address it. It recognizes that despite the sufficient knowledge people have gained about obesity pathophysiology, containing the high preference is still a challenge. The authors call upon citizens to embrace weight reduction practices and today’s available therapeutic options to manage the disease. This article was beneficial since it piqued the researcher’s interest, prompting the researcher to seek out further articles that focus on various weight loss methods. Because of this article, the reader will realize that they can have the ability to adapt to better options into their habits and to beat this disease. Additionally, the paper gives exhaustive details about the pathophysiology of obesity including better ways of addressing it. This speaks volumes above the deep knowledge people have gained about obesity. As such, one would tend to ask, why then is the problem still growing if people have established that it is treatable and preventable and proposed ways to do so? The question forms the basis of this paper to attempt to provid the answer.
Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. Jama, 319(16), 1723-1725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060
This empirical study evaluated the trends in obesity prevalence among US youth and adults between 2007-2008 and 2015-2016 to determine recent changes. This study followed a previous finding that, while obesity prevalence was growing among adults since the 1980s, the bulk flattened among youth between 2005-2006 and 2013-2014. The results reported no significant changes among the youth, while adults reported an increased prevalence. With the help of this article, a researcher can comprehend that some of the causes of increasing obesity in adults may be due to natural aging, genetics, or disease processes. At the time of the study, lifestyle, diet, and some medications were not common in the lives of young adults. Further, the study gives proof that the prevalence of obesity is still growing in the US. Such a trend provides a justification for the call for addressing obesity in the US. Using The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to conduct this survey and generate this information gives the paper a lot of credibility. However, the result is not consistent with most papers like that of Upadhyay et al. (2018) that reports growing prevalence across all demographic groups.
Kushner, R. F., & Kahan, S. (2018). Introduction: The state of obesity in 2017. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
As earlier reports indicate, Kushner & Kahan (2018) further underscore the growing prevalence of obesity in the US. Despite the many strides the world has made in understanding and addressing obesity, its impacts and prevalence have kept growing. It is going global as other Western, and non-Western countries are now catching up with the United States. They call for continued progress and increased efforts and focus in addressing the disease. This article benefited the researcher since it gave additional evidence that the United States and non-western countries are following the same patterns as western countries regarding an alarming increase of adult obesity and a desire for more effective treatment and cure. The findings are in line with most reports from most researchers on the topic. This gives the paper some credibility and congruency to underscore the growing prevalence of obesity worldwide. It can be used to develop the background of this study to reinforce the question of why the growing prevalence alongside the increased awareness, increased political and social understanding, and new treatment options developed to address obesity.
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., & Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity is a disease. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
This article describes obesity as a disease in its entirety. The authors also report a growing prevalence of obesity among various people, including children and youth, though most severe among adults. They clarified that obesity is caused by many factors that are beyond individuals’ control rather than inappropriate dietary choices and physical inactivity as most perceive. This study grabbed the researcher’s mind because its conclusions revealed incorrect eating habits and lack of physical activity are not the faults for the epidemic of obesity. The varied findings contributed to the further study for articles in building a final academic paper on obesity in adults. While Hales et al. (2018) report a constant prevalence among youth since 2005, this paper report increases prevalence across all age groups. However, the findings in this paper are congruent with most studies making it credible. The authors give important justification to this study by highlighting the reasons for the growing prevalence of obesity. One can simply devise strategies that can avert these causes to address obesity.
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist, 75(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517
This interventional study implemented predeveloped Obesity Guidelines for losing weight, preventing weight gain, and improving the quality of life among obese people. This intervention followed the US Preventive Services Task Force’s earlier finding that approximately 95 million US adults were overweight and qualified for this care. The result showed a weight loss of up to 8 kg (8% of weight) in 6 months, improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors and quality of life, and no further weight gain after one year of continued participation. This article benefited the researcher by demonstrating that nearly 100 million people were classified as overweight and qualified for some form of obesity treatment. This treatment allowed for weight loss that decreased the risk of cardiovascular disease and assisted patients in maintaining their weight without regarding it after a specified period. This paper bear proof of effectiveness of the available interventions for treating and preventing obesity. As such, it points to the fact that the growing prevalence is not caused by a lack of knowledge and better intervention, but negligence to abide by them. As such, compliance with the requirements of obesity treatment programs may help reduce the growing prevalence.
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity leveled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz273
This article also studied the obesity patterns and time trends across socio-economic and geographic parameters and projected the future situation using secondary data from national databases. The result reported a growing prevalence since 1999 with considerable variations among men and women, various ethnic groups, and geographical regions. Conclusively, the authors recommended implementing effective, sustainable, culturally tailored interventions to address obesity. This researcher found it fascinating that, based upon a 1999 survey, future obesity patterns may be anticipated for males, women, numerous ethnic groups, and various geographic parts of the world. Twenty-two years later, the globe is still searching for strategies to prevent weight gain through cultural interventions appropriate for each culture; what works for one culture may not work for another. Bringing in the aspect of culture can explain why some interventions have failed in addressing obesity. Some of the interventions may not be universally applicable, calling for modification across different groups of people. It provides insights into the growing prevalence of obesity, its causes, and how it can be addressed. Hence, it provides a source for justification of the study and development of the background.