1. You should respond to two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. (See Attached for Peer Case Studies)
2. All replies must be constructive and use literature where possible.
3. 1 Academic Resource each, within last 5 years
Case 1
G.K. is a family nurse practitioner in the health department of a large city. She is responsible for following up with infants and children who have been referred to the health department. Most of her referrals come from the hospital upon discharge of an infant going home to a potentially high-risk environment.
G.K. follows up with each child to ensure he or she is in a safe environment and is growing and developing adequately. She provides education and support to the parents so they can anticipate and respond appropriately to the challenges of raising children.
Define and describe the following influences that can affect individual’s potential for growth:
• genetic factors
• prenatal and postnatal exposures
• nutritional factors
• environmental factors
• life style
• health care practices.
2:53pmApr 14 at 2:53pm
Case 1
An individual’s potential for growth is affected by many factors such as genetic factors, prenatal and postnatal exposures, nutritional factors, environmental factors, life style and health care practices. Genetic factors that play a role in an individual’s growth can be caused by birth defects, depending on the defect growth and development can be greatly hindered. Prenatal and postnatal exposures also play a role on an individuals growth potential, for example exposure to Zika virus during gestation can greatly affect fetal developmental growth causing microcephaly and an array of developmental problems. Nutritional factors are key for growth, because the first year of life is a period of rapid growth, nutritional needs during this period are so important, not getting the right amount of water intake, protein, vitamins, carbohydrates and fats can hinder developmental growth in the infant (Edelman & Kudzma, 2018). Environmental factors such as exposure to chemicals, pesticides, toxins and radiation can also be detrimental to the growth of the fetus who with their longer lifespan, toxins that have a cumulative toxicity pose a greater risk to them than an adult (Edelman & Kudzma, 2018). Lifestyle and healthcare practices also pose a great risk to developmental growth, things such as lack of sleep and high stress levels can impair learning and affect your immune system.
Culture is intertwined with growth and development. Culture plays a major role in influencing an infant’s development, what one may consider as normal development varies from culture to culture (Edelman & Kudzma, 2018). Culture affects everything, it is the way one views the world, affecting everything that one does and how things are perceived (Edelman & Kudzma, 2018). Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that virtually all aspects of infant development and parenting are informed by culture. Culture influences who, when, and how to care for children, what parents expect of children, and which behaviors parents should encourage and reward or discourage and punish (Bornstein, 2015). Parents in different cultures often possess ideas, approach parenting tasks, and value parenting outcomes differently. Cultural differences in milestones have been observed in all developmental areas. Physical milestones can also be affected as parents respond to cultural norms (Bornstein, 2015). For this reason, developmental milestones should not be a one size fit all for all cultures because it just wouldn’t be accurate, but instead used as a general idea to gauze growth and development taking account the differences seen in each culture.
Parent education on infant injury prevention is a must. A teaching plan that the parent can understand and follow needs to be created and resources provided to childproof the home if adequate resources are not available. Special attention needs to be paid to prevent injury at each developmental stage. Information on childproofing the home is a must such as the use of safety latches and locks to secure cabinets and prevent access to medicine, household cleaners, sharp objects, just to name a few (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, n.d.). Also, the use of safety gaits if stairs are present, window guards and safety netting to help prevent falls from windows, balconies, decks, and landings, corner and edge bumpers to help prevent injuries from falls against sharp edges of furniture, and the use of outlet covers and outlet plates to help prevent electrocution (U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, n.d.).
References
Bornstein M. H. (2015). Culture, parenting, and zero-to-threes. Zero to Three, 35(4), 2–9.
Edelman, C.L., & Kudzma, E.C. (2018). Health promotion through the life span (9th ed.). Elsevier
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. (n.d.). Childproofing your home- 12 safety devices to protect your children. https://www.cpsc.gov/safety-education/safety-guides/kids-and-babies/childproofing-your-home-12-safety-devices-protect#:~:text=Use%20Door%20Knob%20Covers%20and,adult%20in%20case%20of%20emergency.
Case 3
A.V. is a nurse practitioner working with the public health department. Community assessments reveal that one rural community has a high rate of teenage pregnancy. A.V. conducts parenting classes at the local high school and aims to reach first-time expectant parents. Her goal is to provide parents with information about what to expect of a new baby and basic care for the infant.
She realizes that continuity with education may be an issue. Many of her previous classes began with high attendance at the beginning of her 12-week sessions. Over time, interest began to fade, and participation declined. She tries a different approach with the current series of lectures. She reduces the session to 6 weeks and changes the format to one hour of lecture combined with questions and answers, with the second hour consisting of interactive demonstration.
What recommendations would you give to a group of expectant teenagers that are attending to your Health Promotion and Disease Prevention educational sessions regarding breastfeeding.
Include recommendation in how to increase the duration to this activity.
YesterdayApr 13 at 11:14pm
Module 5 Discussion
Case Study 3
Health Promotion in the Prenatal and Infant Population
Recommendations on breastfeeding for mother attending the classes
I would seek to inspire these teenagers to desire to breastfeed by ensuring they understand the benefits but, more importantly, that they have a support system in place. The factors that had a significant effect on the uptake are social and environmental. For example, the institution of lactation rooms in workplaces or legislation to restrict the marketing of breast milk replacements have been shown to make a significant impact. It is recommended that stress is avoided during breastfeeding of the children to help in improving the lactation process and reduce the chances of illness to the newborn (Saini 2018). Colostrum is essential for the newborn to provide them with adequate immunity and promote a comprehensive strategy to promote their health and wellness (Saini 2018).
Is recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months to help the baby develop a stronger immunity and enhance a strategic and effective strategy, which makes everything successful (Saini 2018). Before weaning, a successful breastfeeding strategy should be implemented to help get over infections and immunity problems with the children (Saini 2018).
I would educate these teenagers that the world health organization recommends breastfeeding be initiated within 1 hour of birth, it is also recommended that during breastfeeding, baby positioning is essential in creating a bond and a therapeutic breastfeeding session, which makes everything quality and effective as per the protocols of breastfeeding (Saini 2018). Finally, it is recommended that the skincare be prioritized to promote a quality maternal health and eliminate the challenges associated with the baby bites and excessive cracking that may be pathologic during the first breastfeeding session (Saini 2018).
The relationship between culture and growth and development and whether assessment of milestones should include cultural backgrounds of children or not.
Each culture carries beliefs about what is right and wrong and expected behaviors. This affects the way a child interacts with their environment and other people. The cultural “attitudes” essentially create a lens through which the child will view the world. Up to the preschool years, the child usually mimics these cultural behaviors (Zandstra et al., 2018). Culture has elements such as food and nutrition that determine the growth and development of an individual. The types of foods consumed by the people of the children determine their development processes and the pace; hence, there is a strong correlation of cultures in various ways (Zandstra et al., 2018). Culture has various activities that either promote or suppress growth both mentally and physically, hence contributing to the milestones in every child.
The nurse should learn about the culture and find ways to combine evidence-based care with cultural-guided care. The growth and developmental milestones should not be applied to all children due to the differences in each cultural domain (Zandstra et al., 2018). Although children may be of the same age, the role of an environment, which is culture, plays a significant role in determining the children’s success level, especially in terms of the growth and development milestones (Zandstra et al, 2018). Assessment of children based on growth and development should not follow a particular template but be diverse and flexible based on the elements presented; hence a successful strategy is recommended to develop quality ideas and promote precise metrics and approaches for determining the course of assessments.
Teaching plan for parents to help in preventing infant injuries
- Plan for infant proof protection
The objective is to inform the mothers on techniques of avoiding physical injuries among the infants. The process involves removing sharp objects, modifying the environment, closing cupboards, and generally reducing the dangers that may occur to an infant (Powers et al., 2019). Additionally, making the infants put on clothes that help them from skin scratches, among other common injuries in that age, is significant teaching associated with the same (Powers et al., 2019).
- Infant protection from chemical irritants
The goal is to inform mothers of potential chemical dangers in infants, such as hydrochloric acid (Powers et al., 2019). The mothers will be taught how to limit exposures of the children’s exposures children to the conditions and work on promoting a strategic protocol in managing the challenges (Powers et al., 2019). An evaluation of teaching is based on an understanding of the mothers on the chemical irritants and impacts that they have on the body.
- Infant protection from burns
The goal is to inform the mothers on how to keep infants safe from burn injuries. Teaching the mothers on various burns such as scolds, chemical burns, and fire that may affect the infants (Powers et al., 2019). Additionally, educating the mothers on ways of maintaining safety is suitable for infants.
- Education on prevention of infant falls
Education of the mothers on best ways of modifying the patient environments to help reduce the risks of falls and the challenges associated with the same is a critical approach in managing the challenges while implementing perfect protocols and accomplishments as required (Powers et al., 2019).
References
Powers, E., Tiyyagura, G., Asnes, A. G., Leventhal, J. M., Moles, R., Christison-Lagay, E., … & Auerbach, M. (2019). Early involvement of the child protection team in the care of injured infants in a pediatric emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine, 56(6), 592-600. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467919300381
Saini, P. (2018). Breastfeeding Tips for New Mothers. Skin. https://www.womenbuddha.com/breastfeeding-tips-for-new-mothers/
Zandstra, H., Brentjens, L. B. P. M., Spauwen, B., Touwslager, R. N. H., Bons, J. A. P., Mulder, A. L., … & Dumoulin, J. C. M. (2018). Association of culture medium with growth, weight and cardiovascular development of IVF children at the age of 9 years. Human reproduction, 33(9), 1645-1656.https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/33/9/1645/5055923
Martinez Marvelis
Your explanation of the influence of nutritional factors on growth is detailed enough to enlighten the reader about the relationship between the types of foods consumed and the growth of an individual. Infants and children need the right diet for proper growth and development. In this regard, nutritional factors are among those factors that have a great influence on the potential growth of an individual. According to Patel and Rouster (2021), optimizing nutrition during infancy and childhood promotes adequate growth of organs and tissues. It also prevents minors from developing nutrition-related diseases. Ideally, as nurses, we should guide parents on how to measure growth as this helps them to evaluate the growth rates of their young ones as they get older.
Parents usually find it quite challenging to give their children those types of foods that will meet all their nutritional needs. However, they can make proper nutritional balances if only they obtain the right guidance from qualified healthcare professionals. As Dewey et al. (2021) explain, a combination of complementary foods with beverages and iron-fortified infant cereals is highly recommended for the growth needs of infants aged between 6 and 12 months. However, parents should refrain from giving added sugars to their infants and children aged under 2 years. To be able to provide appropriate nutritional guidance to parents, nurses need to know the food categories and types that are appropriate for infants and children considering their growth needs.
References
Dewey, K. G., Pannucci, T., Casavale, K. O., Davis, T. A., Donovan, S. M., Kleinman, R. E., Taveras, E. M., Bailey, R. L., Novotny, R., Schneeman, B. O., Stang, J., de Jesus, J., & Stoody, E. E. (2021). Development of food pattern recommendations for infants and toddlers 6-24 months of age to support the dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. The Journal of Nutrition, 151(10):3113-3124. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab201. PMID: 34195834.
Patel, J. K. & Rouster, A. S. (2021). Infant nutrition requirements and options. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
Sanches Frois, Juliana
Juliana, your explanation of a teaching plan for parents to promote injury prevention for infants. Infants and children move a lot and things within their environment can impose safety risks. Therefore, it is agreeable that parents should be taught about the importance of removing environmental hazards that may cause injuries to their infants and children (Powers et al., 2019). Many substances that are used on a daily basis contain chemicals that are harmful when consumed. To ensure that infants and children and protected from injuries associated with substances that contain chemicals, parents need to be taught how to keep their minors safe from such substances (Powers et al., 2019). Parents also need to be educated on how to protect their children and infants from burns and falls.
As nurses, we can utilize a number of strategies to educate parents of infants to improve their health behaviors. These strategies include recommending home-based activities to increase the safety of the home environment, offering alternative communication methods such as phones and websites, and using role modeling to change the dynamics within the family (Timm et al., 2022). To be able to ensure effective protection for infants, nurses should include other people in the family who are involved in the care of the infants and children.
References
Timm, A., Kragelund, K., Joenck, L., Husted, N., Jensen, D. M., Norgaard, O., & Terkildsen, H. (2022). Strategies to promote health behaviors in parents with small children-A systematic review and realist synthesis of behavioral interventions. Obesity Reviews, 23(1):e13359. doi: 10.1111/obr.13359. Epub 2021 Nov 3. PMID: 34734473.
Powers, E., Tiyyagura, G., Asnes, A. G., Leventhal, J. M., Moles, R., Christison-Lagay, E., … & Auerbach, M. (2019). Early involvement of the child protection team in the care of injured infants in a pediatric emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56(6), 592-600. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467919300381