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Leadership and Management in Nursing (Critical Commentary)

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Leadership and Management in Nursing (Critical Commentary)

Assessment Brief:  A commentary

Write a critical commentary (2750 words) on the importance of team-working, effective leadership and management, and delegation skills learnt during the module. Reflect on the progress you made in these areas since Year 1.  You need to identify indicative topic area for the innovation project to be completed in Year 3.  Present an action plan with SMART goals and a self-developed checklist on the steps you are going to take to prepare for Level 6; to be submitted as an appendix.

 

 

 

 

Introduction

 

Introduction (300 words).

Start by giving a short opening statement which is a description of what the commentary is about using approximately 50 words.  Your introduction should answer these 3 questions:

  1. What? The introduction needs to clearly explain what the commentary is about. This section needs to explain in your own words what is required as stated in the assessment brief given above.
  2. How? The second part of the introduction needs to outline how the commentary is structured or will be presented. You need to summarise the details given below for Part 1 and 2.
  3. Why? An introduction needs to articulate why the topics under consideration are significant. This is your rationale.  Use references to support it.

 

 

Part 1 – Commentary

Please write Part 1 in the third person.  In academic writing the convention is to write in the third person. This means not using personal pronouns (words such as I, me or my), and avoiding referring to yourself.

 

Context (300 words)

Define key terms like leadership, management, teamworking, and delegation within the context of the NHS and specifically in nursing.  Briefly highlight the importance of leadership and management in nursing and healthcare.  Briefly outline what is already known about leading and managing in nursing care in the UK, comment on what is new, and what is happening now to provide high quality care and ensure patient safety. It is important that you need to focus on events within your own field of Adult nursing.

 

(Learning Outcome 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities.) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion (1700 – 1800 words)

This could be separated into sections to ensure you cover all the required material.  The following is a suggested format though you are encouraged to be creative and sequence your work in the most logical way.

  1. (+- 250 Words) Briefly discuss the importance of leadership by incorporating recent events within healthcare, us the example of Francis report (2013) (Learning Outcome 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities)

 

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Explore 2 – 3 relevant leadership and/or management theories, comparing them, whilst also relating them to nursing practice and working within multi disciplinary teams (MDTs).  Again, link this to your field of nursing practice.  (Learning Outcomes 1 Appraise the roles, responsibilities, scope of practice, and the contributions of all MDT members) 

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Identify the role of leadership in quality and service improvement in healthcare, again with particular focus on your field of nursing. Comment on the impact on patient safety and quality of care.  (Learning Outcomes 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities, Learning outcome 4 Analyse the role of leadership for practice improvement and quality of care underpinned by policy )

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Explore the key theoretical concepts in team working within MDTs, this could include team dynamics, values, attributes, and possible challenges.  Also explore the concept and importance of role modelling in leaderhip and why it is essential to develop skills of networking in team working.  Comment on the impact of these on patient safety and quality of care.  (Learning Outcomes 1 Appraise the roles, responsibilities, scope of practice, and the contributions of all MDT members, Learning outcomes 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities ) 

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Explore the concept of delegation as a leadership and management tool that supports effective MDT working.  Ensure that you explore how delegation links to leadership and management and the impact on patient safety and quality of care.  Highlight common themes found in delegation in nursing to ensure effective delegation.  Also, highlight the challenges experienced within delegation. (Learning Outcomes 1 Appraise the roles, responsibilities, scope of practice, and the contributions of all MDT members, Learning outcomes 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities)

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Describe or define digital data and/or digital technology/ information technology.  Identify and comment on digital data, IT, and information sharing in healthcare in relation to leadership and innovation to ensure quality of care, patient safety, and effective MDT working(Learning Outcomes 1 Appraise the roles, responsibilities, scope of practice, and the contributions of all MDT members, Learning Outcomes 2 Identify and evaluate digital technologies used for care delivery, Learning outcome 4 Analyse the role of leadership for practice improvement and quality of care underpinned by policy )

 

 

 

 

  1. (+- 250 Words) Identify a gap in clinical practice/ healthcare that need service improvement through innovative practice.  You may refer to the Year 2 – Evaluating Evidence for Translation into Nursing Practice module to support you to identify the gap. This could then form the basis for your innovation project on service improvement in Year 3 (Level 6).  Briefly outline the steps you are going to take in whilst you are in Year 2 to prepare for your Level 6 innovation project to be completed in Year 3, (these steps can be in both practice and in the University).  Following the outlined steps, develop a detailed action plan with SMART goals and a self-developed checklist and present as appendices.  (Learning Outcomes 2 Identify and evaluate digital technologies used for care delivery, Learning outcome 4 Analyse the role of leadership for practice improvement and quality of care underpinned by policy )

 

 

 

Part 2 – Reflection

 

Part 2: Your Year 1 reflection (500 words) 

You do not need a reflective model for Part 2, just write reflectively on your experience from placement.  For this part you can write your reflective piece in the first person where you can use the pronouns “I,” “me,” “we,” and “us,” in order to reflect on your Year 1 experience from your perspective. Use academic language and relevant literature to support your discussion here.

  1. Reflect on one situation from placement that made you realise the importance of team working in healthcare (a scenario wher. Briefly describe what happened, discuss what was good and what was bad, and explore what you learnt and how you felt about it.  Consider and evaluate the role of the nurse in the situation.  Identify and evaluate the roles of other MDT members in the situation and comment on patient safety and quality care in the situation.  (Learning Outcome 1 Appraise the roles, responsibilities, scope of practice, and the contributions of all MDT members)
  2. Reflect on your experience when a task was delegated to you during Year 1 placement or in your role as a Nursing Associate (for RNDAs). Discuss how this was undertaken, what worked and what did not, what could have been done differently, and summarise how you felt about being delegated a task and how this impacted on patient safety and quality of care. (Learning Outcome 3 Articulate a clear understanding the importance of effective leadership and management in prioritising and delegating tasks, taking account of organisational and other priorities)

Conclusion

 

Conclusion (200 – 250 words)

Your conclusion is for both parts, Part 1 & 2.  No references or new information should be added to the conclusion. 

  1. Summary: Put a short concluding statementof approximately 50 words then  summarise the key learning points that have emerged from the (Part 1) commentary and (Part 2) your reflection.
  2. Recommendations: Make 2 – 4 recommendations on what needs to be done in light of your findings and conclusions.

 

 

References

 

 

References.

Harvard referencing style (see Cite Them Right guidance).

 

 

Appendix

 

 

 

Appendices.

Appendices serve both the writer and the reader of your commentary.  In an appendix, you can include material that supports your work but that would be distracting or too long in the text of the commentary, for example, the action plan with SMART goals and the self-developed checklist.  Material in an appendix must be relevant to the commentary.  Links and references between the appendix and the commentary need to be made in the main text  (in other words, ensure that you appropriately signpost the reader to the appendix in the body of your commentary).  There is no need to put images of cited information in the appendix as the reader can use your citation to look at these if necessary.

 

Leadership and Management in Nursing (Critical Commentary)

 

 

 

 

Student’s Name

Instructor

Course

Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Effective leadership and management that are characterized by teamwork and delegation of tasks are essential for successful organizational performance. The purpose of this critical commentary is to explore the concept of leadership and management in nursing and healthcare. The commentary will focus on the importance of team-working, effective leadership and management, and delegation skills in nursing management and leadership.

The critical commentary will be divided into parts 1 and part 2. In the first section of part 1, the author will define key terms like leadership, management, teamworking, and delegation within the context of the National Health Service (NHS) and specifically in nursing. The author will also use evidence to explain the importance of leadership and management in nursing and healthcare in the United Kingdom and in ensuring healthcare quality and patient safety in adult nursing. The second section of part 1 will include a detailed discussion of seven key issues namely; the importance of leadership, two leadership and management theories, the role of leadership in healthcare quality and service improvement, key theoretical concepts in team working within multidisciplinary teams (MDTs), the concept of delegation, healthcare information technology, and a gap in clinical practice/ healthcare that need service improvement through innovative practice. Part 2 of the critical commentary will be a personal reflection on the progress made in the key areas of nursing and healthcare leadership and management since Year 1.

Leadership and management, including team working and delegation within MDTs, are significant to healthcare and nursing. Essentially, good leadership and management ensure the effective performance of nursing and healthcare organizations. The reason is that leaders and managers work together to create a vision and facilitate effective management of resources to support the realization of that vision (Teame et al. 2022). Additionally, healthcare professionals and nurses must work in teams to ensure the successful completion of tasks in the work environment. Using their delegation skills, nurse leaders and managers are able to distribute work properly among employees thereby resulting in increased healthcare quality and patient safety (Fagerdal et al. 2022). Healthcare organizations need effective leadership and management to realize the improvement of healthcare quality and service delivery.

Part 1: Commentary

Context

Understanding the meaning of leadership concepts is the initial step toward applying them effectively in practice. Leadership, in the context of NHS and nursing, is defined as the process of influencing others through personal behaviors and attributes to improve health and healthcare (NHS 2018). The Health Foundation (2022) defines management as the process of controlling, monitoring, and organizing people and processes with the aim of realizing a common goal. A manager, in the context of NHS and nursing, plans, allocates resources, coordinates employees, motivates workers, monitors output, and takes the responsibilities of relevant tasks. Teamworking refers to the appropriate utilization of services offered by several individuals from either the same or multiple disciplines to accomplish healthcare delivery issues and find the best solutions for patients’ problems (Cordisbright UK 2018). Delegation within the context of NHS and nursing is the act of assigning tasks or duties to other nurses to enhance speedy completion (Crevacore et al 2022). Leadership and management are important in adult nursing and healthcare because they enhance the delivery of high-quality healthcare that maximizes patient safety. According to Yoder-Wise (2019), leadership and management in nursing drive patient safety, enhance relationships among nurses and patients, promote effective management of resources and task delegation, ensure effective communication, and promote cultural diversity. In the United Kingdom, effective leadership and management are key to the provision of high-quality healthcare services and the maximization of effective resource management to meet the growing demand for care (The Health Foundation 2022). For example, they empower nurses to provide quality health care that adequately addresses the complex needs of adult patients.

 

Discussion

  1. The Importance of Leadership and Management in Healthcare

The success of healthcare organizations depends on effective management and leadership. Effective leadership and management underpin the provision of high-quality healthcare services. Additionally, they guide effective resource utilization thereby allowing healthcare organizations to effectively meet the rising demand for healthcare (The Health Foundation 2022). Nurse leaders and managers play a crucial role in improving the services delivered by healthcare providers, including nurses. Notably, healthcare organizations usually receive patients with varied healthcare needs. It is the responsibility of the leaders and the manager to prioritize issues and identify which ones must be accomplished first. Within their units, nurse leaders and managers ensure that tasks are properly delegated to competent team members to minimize workload and enhance service delivery (Crevacore et al 2022). Besides, leaders and managers of healthcare organizations identify and guide the implementation of strategies to address issues that are affecting healthcare delivery. For example, one of the issues presented in the Francis report is that a majority of healthcare organizations in the United Kingdom lack the appropriate nursing skill mix and number of staff to deliver the required standard of care (Hayter 2013). It is the responsibility of the leaders and managers of these organizations to hire the right skill mix and improve the nurse-to-patient ratio to support the provision of high-quality healthcare services.

  1. Leadership and Management Theories

Several conceptualizations and theories have been used to explain why some people are regarded as leaders but not others. Examples of leadership theories that are applicable to nursing and healthcare include Trait Theory and Contingency Theory (Fennel 2021). Trait theory assumes that a leader must possess unique traits that enable him or her to display effective leadership behaviors. Examples of attributes that are used to identify leaders are age, intelligence, level of education, and the ability to make good judgment among other traits. On the other hand, contingency theory assumes that the leadership approach utilized by an individual is influenced by the situation faced at any given time. In this respect, an effective leader is one who is able to assess the needs within an environment and create a balance between context, needs, and behaviors to address the existing issues. The two leadership theories are similar in that they both utilize behavior to define whether a person is an effective leader or not. However, they are different in that while trait theory defines leadership based on a person’s characteristics alone, contingency theory defines leadership based on a person’s ability to align behaviors with the situations that they are facing and the needs of their followers (Fennel 2021). In adult nursing, for example, an effective leader and manager should meet the assumptions of both trait and contingency theories. Essentially, an effective leader and manager must be able to utilize highly decisive and judgment skills to address the needs that nurses and patients are facing at a particular time within a healthcare setting

  1. The Role of Leadership in Quality and Service Improvement in Healthcare

An organization’s leadership plays an important role in facilitating quality and service improvement in healthcare. Quality improvement in healthcare occurs when it is supported by the leadership. According to Boguslavsky et al. (2019), leaders play a key role in identifying a problem and selecting the best strategies to address that problem. Additionally, leaders contribute to quality improvement by directing the implementation of the chosen strategies. They play a critical role in expanding improvement approaches that will improve healthcare quality, promote patient safety, and generate positive outcomes for both the organization and patients (Sfantou et al 2017). An example of a quality improvement initiative in adult nursing that can succeed with the support of effective leadership is staff training on hand hygiene to prevent nosocomial infections among adult surgical patients. An effective leader can support this quality improvement initiative by creating an environment where employees embrace healthcare quality and patient safety, engaging with employees to understand their needs and skill gaps, and utilizing the patient-centered approach to understand specific patients’ needs that should be addressed (Xing et al 2020). Leading an initiative to prevent nosocomial infections among adult surgical patients confirms the leader’s role in improving the quality of care and promoting patient safety.

  1. The Key Theoretical Concepts in Teamworking Within MDTs

Effective nursing practice entails the incorporation of knowledge and skills from other disciplines and working with service providers from other fields to improve healthcare quality and promote patient safety. Multidisciplinary team working refers to the incorporation of skills and knowledge from other disciplines and working with professionals from those fields to enhance healthcare delivery (CordisBright UK 2018). The key theoretical concepts in team working include team dynamics, values, and attributes. Leaders must understand team dynamics and create an environment where members of multidisciplinary teams can work effectively to realize the desired objectives. Notably, the leader must clearly define the values and attributes that support team cohesion and enhance service delivery (Beckett et al 2021; Schilling et al 2022). A common challenge when working with MDTs is difficulty adjusting to working with people of different mindsets. In adult nursing, for example, a team leader must serve as a role model by displaying behaviors that strengthen relationships. It is essential that a leader develops skills of networking in team working as this allows knowledge sharing among members of multidisciplinary teams (Taberma et al 2020). Understanding team dynamics, role modeling, and encouraging networking in MDTs positively impacts patient safety and quality of care in adult nursing.

  1. Delegation as a Leadership Management Tool

The NHS and nursing context in the United Kingdom largely utilizes delegation as a leadership and management tool for handling multiple tasks and diverse groups of employees. With the rise in patients’ needs and the number of tasks to be accomplished by nurse leaders each day, it is imperative that nurse leaders and managers possess delegation skills and understand how to utilize them to advance healthcare quality and promote patient safety (Crevacore et al 2022). Effective delegation in MDTs is associated with positive patient outcomes in healthcare settings. A study by Shore et al (2022) found that the delegation of medication administration duties by registered nurses reduced medication errors and increased patient safety in adult patients. The common themes that ensure effective delegation in nursing include service efficiency, team cohesion, communication, error minimization, and increased stakeholder and multidisciplinary involvement. When delegating tasks in nursing, nurse leaders and managers must ensure that members of staff can perform the assigned tasks effectively and minimize errors. There must be effective communication and increased stakeholder and multidisciplinary engagement for team cohesion to be realized (Shore et al 2022; Walker et al 2021). A major challenge that is commonly experienced by leaders during delegation is limited competencies among staff regarding the tasks that they are assigned to perform (Clarke 2021). Leaders can address this challenge by training members of multidisciplinary teams before assigning them tasks to do.

  1. Information Technology and Digital Data

Technological advancement in today’s healthcare landscape has seen healthcare organizations rapidly integrating information technology into healthcare delivery. Digital data is processed information that is available electronically in healthcare information technology systems. Examples of digital data are processed laboratory information that is stored in the electronic health records of a hospital (Li et al 2021; Sheikh et al 2021). Health information technology continuously supports health care delivery. It also encourages the development of innovative strategies used to solve nursing problems. The NHS England is increasingly investing in health information technology as it strives to create an ecosystem where processes are driven by innovation (Sood & McNeil 2017). Most of these innovations facilitate the sharing of digital data among professionals from various fields of practice. For example, electronic medical records technology allows multidisciplinary professionals involved in the care of an adult patient to provide coordinated and patient-centered care that promotes safety and enhances healthcare quality (Sheikh et al 2021). Leaders of healthcare quality must ensure that users adhere to the privacy and confidentiality rules that govern the sharing of digital data across health information technology systems as this ensures high quality of care, patient safety, and effective MDT working.

  1. Gap in Clinical Practice

Poor blood glucose management in discharged adult diabetes patients is the identified gap in clinical practice that needs service improvement through innovative practices. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have the challenge of monitoring changes in their blood glucose levels at home. Despite receiving patient education at the time of discharge, the rate of emergency visits and within 30 days readmission rates among adult patients with diabetes still remains high in the United Kingdom (Soh et al 2020). Most of these patients do not know how to monitor their blood glucose at home. The recommended innovative strategy to address the problem is providing patients with a wearable smartwatch, specifically the K’Watch Glucose at the time of discharge. A K’Watch Glucose is an innovative device designed for continuous glucose monitoring and with the capacity to continuously track the blood glucose levels of the wearer anywhere and at any time. The effectiveness of wearable devices in promoting continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes is supported by research. According to Rodriguez-León et al (2021), wearable and mobile devices can be used to monitor diabetes-related parameters and thus offer significant benefits for patients with diabetes. In a study conducted by Chang et al (2022), the researchers discovered that a smartwatch demonstrated a clinical accuracy of 84.34% as a non-invasive device for continuous glucose monitoring. The specific steps that will be taken whilst in year 2 to prepare for the Level 6 innovation project to be completed in Year 3 include; working closely with adult diabetes patients to understand their needs, learning how to develop a clinical question, gathering evidence to support the proposed innovation, and developing a project proposal in readiness for the Year 3 project. Appendix 1 summarizes the action plan with SMART goals and a self-developed checklist for the plan.

Part 2: Reflection

Part 2: Year 1 Reflection

Most of the issues that nurses encounter during placement truly reflect what they will meet in real practice. A scenario from my placement that made me realise the importance of team working in healthcare is when I handled an adult male patient with a bone fracture and had a plaster cast. The patient was in a lot of pain when he first visited the hospital. What went well is that the pain was managed effectively using opioids and the plaster cast was successfully placed. The patient had to use underarm crutches to help with movement. One thing that did not go well is that the patient did not receive appropriate psychological support after the plaster cast was placed. I learned that a mental health professional is an important member of a healthcare team that is involved in the care of a patient with a plaster cast. The nurse ensured that medications were administered as recommended. Other important MDT members who were supposed to be involved in the care of the patient are a psychologist to offer mental support and a nutritionist/dietician to offer nutritional support (Yu et al 2022). The failure to involve these other members of MDT undermined patient safety and quality care in the situation.

I was unable to work with others or seek support from other nurses when a task was first delegated to me during Year 1 of placement. I undertook most of the thasks alone. However, working alone did not yield positive outcomes on all occasions. For example, one day I was delegated the task of administering streptomycin to an adult patient. I administered 2g at once instead of dividing it into small doses to be administered every 6 hours. The patient developed adverse events from the medication. I feel that I could have consulted a senior nurse before administering the medication. I was nervous when I was assigned the task and this negatively impacted patient safety and quality of care.

Conclusion

This critical commentary has explored the concept of leadership and management in the context of NHS, nursing, and healthcare. The commentary has focused on the importance of team-working, effective leadership and management, and delegation skills in nursing management and leadership. The key learning points that have emerged from part 1 are that; leadership and management play a crucial role in promoting patient safety, ensuring healthcare quality, and supporting quality improvement in healthcare organizations. Understanding leadership theories and MDT concepts enables healthcare leaders and managers to acquire characteristics and offer directions that facilitates positive organizational performance and team working. Additionally, leaders and managers should possess delegation skills to avoid assigning tasks to incompetent nurses who will undermine healthcare quality and patient safety. They should utilize healthcare information technology to devise innovative strategies to address gaps in clinical practice. The key learning point that emerged from part 2 is that senior nurses should offer appropriate guidance to junior nurses when delegating tasks to ensure that they do not engage in practices that will harm patients.

In light of these findings and conclusions, two recommendations are proposed. First, nursing institutions should ensure that they develop curricula that teach nursing students about the importance of effective leadership and management in promoting patient safety, ensuring healthcare quality, and supporting quality improvement in healthcare organizations. Second, leaders of healthcare organizations should train their employees on delegation and MDT working to improve their delegation and collaborative practice skills.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Beckett, C. D. et al (2021) ‘An integrative review of team nursing and delegation: Implications for nurse staffing during COVID-19’, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 251–260, https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12523.

Boguslavsky, V. et al (2019) Effective leadership for quality improvement in health care: A practical guide, (online), Accessed 10 November 2022, Available: https://www.urc-chs.com/wp-content/uploads/urc-assist-qi-leadership-guide.pdf

Chang, T., et al (2022) ‘Highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual glucose monitoring’, Microsystems & Nanoengineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-022-00355-5

Clarke H. (2021) ‘How pre-registration nursing students acquire delegation skills: A systematic literature review,’ Nurse Education Today, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 105096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105096

Cordisbright UK. (2018) Integrated health and social care evidence reviews: What are the key factors for multidisciplinary team working?, (online), Accessed 10 November 2022, Available: https://www.cordisbright.co.uk/admin/resources/05-hsc-evidence-reviews-multidisciplinary-team-working.pdf

Crevacore, C. et al (2022) ‘Integrative review: Factors impacting effective delegation practices by registered nurses to assistants in nursing’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 15430, https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15430

Fagerdal, B. et al (2022) ‘Exploring the role of leaders in enabling adaptive capacity in hospital teams – a multiple case study’, BMC Health Services Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 908, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08296-5.

Fennell, K. (2021) ‘Conceptualisations of leadership and relevance to health and human service workforce development: A scoping review’, Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3035–3051, https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S329628

Hayter, M. (2013) ‘The UK Francis report: the key messages for nursing’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Editorial, file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Francis%20Report.pdf

Li, L. et al (2021) ‘Digital data sources and their impact on people’s health: A systematic review of systematic reviews’, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 645260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645260

National Health Service (NHS) (2018) Leadership development, (online), Accessed: 10 November 2022, Available: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/leadership-development.pdf

Rodriguez-León, C., et al (2021) ‘Mobile and wearable technology for the monitoring of diabetes-related parameters: Systematic review’, JMIR mHealth and uHealth, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. e25138, https://doi.org/10.2196/25138

Schilling, S. et al (2022) ‘Understanding teamwork in rapidly deployed interprofessional teams in intensive and acute care: A systematic review of reviews’, PloS One, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. e0272942, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272942

Sfantou D. F. et al (2017) ‘Importance of leadership style towards quality of care measures in healthcare settings: A systematic review’, Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 5 vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 73, https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040073

Sheikh, A. et al (2021) ‘Health information technology and digital innovation for national learning health and care systems’, Lancet Digital Health, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. e383-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2589-7500(21)00005-4

Shore, C. B., et al (2022) ‘Delegation of medication administration from registered nurses to non-registered support workers in community care settings: A systematic review with critical interpretive synthesis’, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 104121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104121

Soh, J. G. S. et al (2020) ‘Predictors of 30-day unplanned hospital readmission among adult patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis,’ BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. e001227. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001227

Sood, H. S., & McNeil, K. (2017) ‘How is health information technology changing the way we deliver NHS hospital care?;, Future Healthcare Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 117–120, https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.4-2-117.

Taberna, M. et al (2020) ‘The multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach and quality of care’, Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 85, https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00085

Teame, K. et al (2022) ‘Healthcare leadership effectiveness among managers in Public Health institutions of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia: a mixed methods study’, BMC Health Services Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 540, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07879-6.

The Health Foundation (2022) Strengthening NHS management and leadership, (online), Accessed 10 November 2022, Available: https://www.health.org.uk/publications/long-reads/strengthening-nhs-management-and-leadership

Walker, F. A. et al (2021) ‘Transparent teamwork: The practice of supervision and delegation within the multi-tiered nursing team’, Nursing Inquiry, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. e12413, https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12413

Xing, L. Y. et al (2020) ‘How can leadership influence the quality of care in a healthcare organization’, Frontiers in Nursing, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19-22. doi:10.2478/fon-2020-0003

Yoder-Wise, P.A. (2019) Leading and managing in nursing, 7th edition, Mosby.

Yu, Y. et al (2022) ‘The effectiveness of telephone and internet-based supportive care for patients with esophageal cancer on enhanced recovery after surgery in China: A randomized controlled trial’, Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, vol. 9, no. 4, 217–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjon.2022.02.007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix

  1. Action Plan with SMART Goals
Action Plan SMART Goals
Problem assessment To understand the specific needs of adult diabetes patients discharged from the hospital by the mid-year 2
Develop a clinical question with the proposed intervention To develop a clear PICOT question by mid-year 2
Conduct literature review To complete a literature review towards the end of year 2
Develop a project proposal To have a completed project proposal for the chosen intervention by the end of year 2

 

  1. Self-Development Checklist
Period Task Accomplished
By the Middle of Year 2 Completed needs assessment and a PICOT question developed
By the End of Year 2 Completed literature review and a full proposal developed