High-fructose corn syrup, also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, is a sweetener made from corn starch.
As in the production of corn syrup, the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes.
Structure of fructose
The structure of fructose, like all simple sugars, can be expressed as a six-carbon linear chain with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
Fructose is classified as a monosaccharide
Effects of high fructose corn syrup
Liver problems. Getting too much fructose can raise your risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
High triglycerides. Studies have shown that fructose can raise triglycerides in the blood.
More uric acid. Fructose can also stimulate uric acid production.
Type 2 diabetes.
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and inadequate or ineffective insulin
mostly diagnosed in adulthood
Type 1 diabetes is a genetic condition that often shows up early in life, and
Type 2 is mainly lifestyle-related and develops over time
Type 1 diabetes
Once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition. In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin
● Feeling more thirsty than usual
● Urinating a lot
● Bed-wetting in children who have never
wet the bed during the night
● Feeling very hungry
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
A lifelong disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood.
It occurs when the body does not secrete enough insulin or glucose is unable to be transported into the cells.
Paper 1 method
Childhood obesity remains high in prevalence. Sugar-sweetened beverages containing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are a common source of excess calories among children and adolescents.
The purpose of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of HFCS ingestion after soft drink consumption in adolescents who are lean, have overweight/obesity, or have type 2 diabetes
Paper 1 results
The baseline fasting concentrations of fructose were measured in low concentrations in the three groups of subjects. After consuming the soft drink, fructose levels rose quickly in the first 15 min (Fig. 1A). Within the control and overweight/obese groups, fructose concentrations achieved mean peaks in the 100–200 μmol/L range and remained significantly higher than baseline at 120 min.
Some studies have shown that short-term access to HFCS can cause increased body weight, but the findings are mixed. The current study examined both short- and long-term effects of HFCS on body weight, body fat, and circulating triglycerides. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for short term (8 wks) on (1) 12-h/day of 8% HFCS, (2) 12-h/day 10% sucrose, (3) 24-h/day HFCS, all with ad libitum rodent chow, or (4) ad libitum chow alone. Rats with 12-h access to HFCS gained significantly more body weight than animals given equal access to 10% sucrose
Paper 2 results
Males maintained on either 24- or 12-h HFCS diets showed increased abdominal fat pad weight.
Male rats with daily 12-h HFCS access gain more weight in 8 weeks than animals with equal access to sucrose
Paper 3
Had 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis to determine the effects of HFCS ingestion on intestinal microbiota diversity and composition in mice. By analyzing the correlations between body weight, perirenal fat weight, epididymal fat weight or liver fat percentage, and the colonic microbiota structure, also had deduced the possible mechanisms by which changes in intestinal microbiota structure induce obesity signs.
Paper 3 results
The bacteria with higher relative abundance and significant difference between the two groups were screened and plotted on a heat map . This indicates that the intake of HFCS-containing drinking water resulted in considerable changes in the colonic microbiota structure of mice.
Paper 4
To explore the relative contributions of glucose and fructose, sucrose component monosaccharides, we compared their effects on larval physiology. Both sugars exhibited similar effects to sucrose, leading to obesity and hyperglycemia. There were no striking differences resulting from larvae fed high glucose versus high fructose.
paper 4 results
High fructose and high glucose diets led to comparable degrees of obesity and diabetes. Overall, there really was not much of a difference.
Paper 5
Thirty lean women were studied on two randomized 2-d visits during which HFCS- and Succade-sweetened beverages were consumed as 30% of energy on isocaloric diets during day 1 while blood was sampled.
On day 2, food was eaten ad libitum. Subjects rated appetite at designated times throughout visits.
Paper 5 results
No significant differences between the two sweeteners were seen in fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin.
These short-term results suggest that, when fructose is consumed in the form of HFCS, the measured metabolic responses do not differ from Suc in lean women.