this paper does not need an introduction nor a conclusion.
the only thing needed to be completed is the \”background\” part of the assignment.
topic is: To determine the efficiency of diet and exercise against complications in type 2 diabetics over the age of 50 years compared to the use of diabetic medications.
attached is information needed to be included in the background using the 6 sources provided through whatsapp
attached is also an example of what a background looks like, the example talks about HPV vaccine but the topic to be completed is for diabetes.
example: paragraph #1 should define diabetes and the prevalence in the united states, paragraph #2 should talk about PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of type 2 diabetes mellitus, risk factors and symptoms, paragraph #3 should talk about what efforts the USA, FDA, and other organizations are making to resolve the issue and finally paragraph 4 should talk about what this papers serves to do, who it affects? why it is important to address this issue?
FOLLOW THE ABOVE DESCRIPTION AND ATTACHED DOCUMENTS.
Background (10%)
- description of the condition
- description of the intervention
- how the intervention might work
- why is it important to do this review?
- Background
The human body breaks down the food eaten into sugar (glucose), which is released into the bloodstream. When the sugar levels elevate in the blood, the body signals the pancreas to produce insulin to let the blood sugar into the body cells (Durrer et al., 2021). Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs either when the pancreas fails to produce adequate insulin or when the body fails to effectively use the insulin it produces. The two main types of diabetes include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes happens when the body does not use insulin well leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Most patients diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (Johansen et al., 2017). The disease normally developed over several years, hence, is commonly diagnosed in adults. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the US has been on an upward trend over the years. currently, more than 37 million Americans are suffering from diabetes (Durrer et al., 2021). Out of the total number of Americans with Diabetes, between 90-95% of them have type 2 diabetes. For instance, in 2016 type 1 and type 2 diabetes accounted for about 6% and 91% of all incidences of diagnosed diabetes respectively. Diabetes incidences have been rising in the United States. In 2018, about 34.2 million people of all ages had diabetes. In 2019, the numbers increased to about 37.3 million people with diabetes. Of all the 37.3 million cases, only about 1.9 million individuals had type 1 diabetes (Poppe et al., 2019). Out of 34.2 million people with diabetes in 2018, 34.1 million of them were adults aged 18 years and older. Therefore, type 2 diabetes is more prevalent among adults than young people.
Type 2 diabetes majorly occurs due to insulin resistance. This is a condition whereby insulin in the body does not apply sufficient action proportional to blood sugar concentration. In simple, terms, the body fails to utilize the insulin it produces effectively to regulate blood sugar levels. This condition leads to elevated blood sugar levels (Durrer et al., 2021). The impaired insulin action causes damage to various organs including the liver ad muscles. This is a common pathophysiological feature of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is progressive and develops and expands before the onset of the illness. The two major risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes pathophysiology include genetic predisposition and environmental factors (Snehil Dixit et al., 2019). In terms of genetic factors, the incidences are higher in certain ethnic groups such as Asians than Whites. Insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 gene polymorphisms are known genetic predispositions that have a direct influence on insulin signals. They are also involved in polymorphisms of thrifty genes such as the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene and the Beta 3 adrenergic receptor gene that promote insulin resistance (Durrer et al., 2021). Adipocyte-derived bioactive substances (adipokines) are also involved in insulin resistance. Regarding environmental factors include body, fat distribution, physical activity, and diet. Individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes can experience detrimental symptoms such as increased anger, fatigue, frequent urination, increased thirst, numbness or tingling of hands or feet, and blurred vision (Johansen et al., 2017). Diabetes is associated with other illnesses such as heart disease and organ damage if not well managed. Patients should adhere to treatment regimens.
To combat type 2 diabetes and other types of diabetes, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved quite a several drugs to improve blood sugar control in adults with the disease. For instance, the FDA approved Mounjaro ((tirzepatide) injection to supplement diet and exercise (Poppe et al., 2019). FDA-approved medications for type 2 diabetes include steglatro (ertugliflozin), synjardy (empagliflozin, and metformin hydrochloride). The FDA works in collaboration with other groups to help US citizens prevent and treat diabetes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) informs both patients and clinicians of ways to treat and prevent diabetes (ADA, 2020). The ADA developed a clinical practice guideline to help care providers prevent type diabetes. The ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes recommends lifestyle interventions, such as a healthy diet and physical activity, to manage complications of type 2 diabetes. For example, ADA recommends 2-3 sessions of resistance exercise every week on non-consecutive days (ADA, 2020). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is making an effort in terms of Diabetes surveillance and advice to physicians (ADA, 2020). The CDC also provides the public with learning and educational materials to improve type 2 diabetes management and prevention. The CDC is working in collaboration with the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DDP) to promote lifestyle changes to help manage diabetes. The National DPP is a partnership of public and private organizations working to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes (Johansen et al., 2017). Partners make it easier for people at risk for type 2 diabetes to participate in evidence-based lifestyle change programs to reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes. Despite all these efforts put in place by various organizations, the incidences of type 2 diabetes are still on the rise, hence, more efforts are needed.
This paper serves to evaluate research gaps that can have a positive influence on the use of physical exercise and diet to improve complications of type 2 diabetes. The ADA recommends that adults with type 2 diabetes engage in 150-minute aerobic activity per week, which should spread over three days a week (ADA, 2020). Alternatively, they may engage in 75-minute/week vigorous-intensity training. Dietary changes include reducing fat intake, eating lean meats, and reducing portion sizes to help lower calorie intake. This paper affects individuals across ages. However, adults are impacted more because they are the majority group suffering from type 2 diabetes (ADA, 2020). It is a progressive disease, which is the reason its onset commonly occurs in adulthood. Addressing this topic is very important to help manage and reduce complications associated with type 2 diabetes. The disease affects major organs such as the nerves, eyes, blood vessels, the heart, and kidneys. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing heart, stroke, increased infections, and atherosclerosis (Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara et al., 2021). Neuropathy or nerve damage in limbs may occur over time due to elevated high blood sugar. Individuals diagnosed with diabetes that is poorly managed may develop chronic kidney disease, also called irreversible end-stage kidney disease. Patients with kidney complications may need dialysis or kidney transplant to improve their health (Johansen et al., 2017). The information or results obtained from this paper will be useful to provide proper care recommendations to patients to help them manage their blood sugar levels and prevent associated disease complications.
- Objective
The purpose of this literature review is to examine the efficiency of diet and exercise against complications in type 2 diabetics over the age of 50 years compared to the use of diabetic medications.
References
ADA. (2020). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. American Diabetes Association. https://www.sochob.cl/web1/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Standards-of-MEdical-Care-in-Diabetes-2020.pdf
Durrer, C., McKelvey, S., Singer, J., Batterham, A. M., Johnson, J. D., Gudmundson, K., … & Little, J. P. (2021). A randomized controlled trial of pharmacist-led therapeutic carbohydrate and energy restriction in type 2 diabetes. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25667-4
Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara, R., White, K. M., Djafarian, K., Islam, S. M. S., Catrledge, S., Ghaffari, M. P., & Keshavarz, S. A. (2021). Short-term effectiveness of a theory-based intervention to promote diabetes management behaviours among adults with type 2 diabetes in Iran: A randomised control trial. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(5), e13994. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13994
Johansen, M. Y., MacDonald, C. S., Hansen, K. B., Karstoft, K., Christensen, R., Pedersen, M., … & Ried-Larsen, M. (2017). Effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 318(7), 637-646. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.10169
Poppe, L., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Verloigne, M., Shadid, S., Van Cauwenberg, J., Compernolle, S., & Crombez, G. (2019). Efficacy of a self-regulation–based electronic and Mobile health intervention targeting an active lifestyle in adults having type 2 diabetes and in adults aged 50 years or older: two randomized controlled trials. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(8), e13363. https://doi.org/10.2196/13363.
Snehil Dixit, M. P. T., Arun Maiya, M. P. T., & Shastry, B. A. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on vibration perception threshold in type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy population using 3-sites method: single-blind randomized controlled trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 25(2), 36-41. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2261146371?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true