Anthropology exam
Question 12 pts
Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ______, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo.
| carotene | |
| vitamin C |
| melanin | |
| folate |
| melanocytes |
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Question 22 pts
According to lecture, thus far, the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern Homo sapiens could be as old as:
| 125,000 years | |
| 1.8 million years |
| 400,000 years | |
| 600,000 years |
| 195,000 years |
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Question 32 pts
This tool is an example of a __________ tool using ________. They are found with increased frequency during the ______.
| compound; microliths; neolithic | |
| integrated; microliths; mesolithic |
| compound; burian; neolithic | |
| composite; microliths; mesolithic |
| composite; mousterian flakes; mesolithic |
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Question 42 pts
A person raised in the Andean highlands has relatively larger lung volume than does a person raised in the lowlands. This difference is best explained by:
| Physical adaptation | |
| Physiological adaptation |
| Hormonal adaptation | |
| Developmental acclimatization |
| Genetic acclimatization |
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Question 52 pts
Which of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers? Choose all that apply:
| diversification of food resources. | |
| agricultural innovation. |
| diversification of labor. | |
| central government. |
| social stratification. |
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Question 62 pts
Which of the following are seen in the pattern of human evolution history? Choose all that apply.
| Natural selection acting on anatomically modern Homo sapiens within the last 10,000 years | |
| Evidence of an adaptive shift starting around 1.8 mya relating to changes in body size, subsistence patterns, and technology changes |
| A shift from extractive foraging to food production starting about 40,000 years ago | |
| Several groups of hominins that are not directly in the modern human lineage (our evolutionary cousins) |
| Evolution of increased brain size then bipedal locomotion |
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Question 72 pts
As discussed in class, genetic adaptations to environmental stresses are
| seen only in nonhuman animals | |
| long term microevolutionary changes within a population |
| always temporary | |
| short-term evolutionary changes within an individual |
| the same as acclimatization responses |
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Question 82 pts
Molecular information from Ust’-Ishim Man, an anatomically modern Homo sapiensfossil dated to 45,000 years ago shows about _________% admixture with Neandertals.
| 10 | |
| 50 |
| 2 | |
| 20 |
| 0 |
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Question 92 pts
Nonconcordant variation means:
| traits vary between populations at the same rate | |
| the presence of one trait can predict another |
| traits vary gradually between neighboring populations | |
| traits vary between populations in a predictable pattern |
| traits vary between populations, but not at the same rate |
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Question 102 pts
Primary innovation differs from secondary innovation because:
| it involves modification of primary knowledge | |
| it involves careful experimentation to create a new technique |
| it involves chance discovery of a new idea | |
| it rarely leads to changes in technology |
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Question 112 pts
Lactase persistence is a _________ that typifies __________ communities.
| developmental adaptation; foraging | |
| developmental acclimatization; pastoralist |
| genetic adaptation; pastoralist | |
| genetic adaptation; agricultural |
| genetic adaptation; foraging |
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Question 122 pts
In regards to hominin tool kits, a blade is defined as being:
| made only out of obsidian | |
| twice as wide as it is long |
| a tool that takes fewer steps to make than a flake tool | |
| twice as long as it is wide |
| a tool that occurs in high frequency during the middle paleolithic |
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Question 132 pts
Which is a term applied to an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals?
| Transition | |
| Revolution |
| Conversion | |
| Modification |
| Domestication |
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Question 142 pts
Many characteristics that have traditionally been used to define ‘races’ in human populations:
| are polygenic. | |
| are the product of Mendelian inheritance. |
| do not vary within groups. | |
| can easily be altered |
| easily draw distinct boundaries between populations. |
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Question 152 pts
Admixture is a term used by population geneticists to indicate:
| the exchange of genetic information between different species | |
| population separation due to behavioral boundaries |
| population separation due to geographic boundaries | |
| the exchange of cultural information between populations that have been separated for a long time |
| the exchange of genetic information between populations that have been separated for a long time |
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Question 162 pts
What is the benefit of an atlatl?
| It is used for fishing. | |
| It can be used as a drill |
| It is used for starting fires. | |
| It is used to increase the force and distance of a spear throw. |
| It is a unique type of projectile point |
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Question 172 pts
Bergmann’s rule
| is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface | |
| states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates |
| states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates | |
| is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area |
| concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages |
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Question 182 pts
According to the complete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens
| only occurred once, in Africa | |
| began about 200,000 years ago in Asia |
| occurred first in Europe | |
| occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously |
| began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia |
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Question 192 pts
Which of the following is NOT a physiological acclimatization to thermal stress:
| vasodilatation | |
| vasoconstriction |
| sweating | |
| increased hemoglobin production |
| shivering |
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Question 202 pts
According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of pre-modern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species.
| gene flow | |
| displacement by African Homo sapiens |
| genetic drift | |
| founder’s effect |
| mitochondrial DNA |
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Question 212 pts
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun:
| stimulates the production of a vitamin D precursor | |
| causes mutations leading to darker skin |
| increases in northern latitudes | |
| provides vitamin D |
| causes rickets |
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Question 222 pts
The word civilization connotes refinement and progress, but in anthropology, the term refers to
| central inhabited cities where transportation and communication hubs exist. | |
| societies in which large numbers of people live in political systems that lack stratification. |
| societies in which small numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems. | |
| the independence of people to do what they desire. |
| societies in which large numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems. |
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Question 232 pts
The distribution pattern of Neandertal DNA in the Ust’-Ishim Man sample as compared to its distribution pattern in modern humans relates to:
| crossover (recombination) during mitosis | |
| there was no Neandertal DNA in Ust’-Ishim Man |
| sexual selection | |
| the principle of independent assortment |
| crossover (recombination) during meiosis |
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Question 242 pts
The potato, tomato, and peanut were all first domesticated in
| North America | |
| South America |
| Europe | |
| Africa |
| Southwest Asia |
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Question 252 pts
Who were the earliest Mesolithic people known to have stored plant food, as evidenced by basin-shaped depressions in the rocks found outside homes and plastered storage pits beneath the floors of the houses?
| Cro-magnon | |
| Babylonians |
| Natufians | |
| Denisovans |
| Neandertals |
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Question 262 pts
Based on the distribution of human genetic variation, if a global disaster killed everyone on the planet except those people living in Asia, ______% of human genetic variation would still be represented.
| 90 | |
| 85 |
| 15 | |
| 5 |
| 10 |
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Question 272 pts
Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in
| heterostasis | |
| homeostasis |
| acclimatization | |
| hypoxia |
| polystasis |
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Question 282 pts
Blombos Cave is significant for accomplishments in art and technology that date to the ________________ but are similar to accomplishments dated to the __________________ in Europe.
| Middle Paleolithic, Lower Paleolithic | |
| Upper Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic |
| Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic | |
| Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic |
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Question 292 pts
The question of whether modern humans and Neandertals interbred at some point
| was settled about twenty years ago | |
| was never an issue among paleoanthropologists |
| is far from settled | |
| is established based on genetic evidence. |
| was called into question with the discoveries at Zhoukoudian |
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Question 302 pts
All of the following are characteristics commonly associated with domesticated plants except:
| development of simultaneous ripening | |
| reduction of seed protective devices, such as husks |
| increased size | |
| increase in natural seed dispersal mechanisms |
| loss of delayed seed germination |
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Question 312 pts
The first hominin to spread to North and South America was______.
| Homo erectus | |
| Homo heidelbergensis |
| Homo sapiens | |
| Neandertal |
| Homo habilis |
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Question 322 pts
Which of the following best describes accelerated breathing for a non-native at high altitude?
| Physical adaptation | |
| Genetic adaptation |
| Hormonal adaptation | |
| Developmental acclimatization |
| Physiological acclimatization |
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Question 332 pts
Hypoxia
| is the increased availability of oxygen | |
| is the reduced availability of oxygen |
| is a problem for people living at sea level | |
| occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level |
| exerts no stress on humans |
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Question 342 pts
A polytypic species
| is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits | |
| is one that has very little phenotypic variability |
| is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits | |
| is composed of narrowly dispersed populations |
| has never been observed in nature |
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Question 352 pts
Scholars attribute the earliest form of writing to__________.
| health records for each of its citizens | |
| recordkeeping of state affairs of economic activity |
| records of warfare accomplishments and titles | |
| Preserving a written form of story-telling and a collection of cultural myths |
| codification of formal law for judiciary purposes |
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Question 362 pts
The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation
| allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits | |
| reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change |
| allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races | |
| helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes |
| has been of little value for understanding human variation |
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Question 372 pts
Indigenous Tibetan populations have a genetic adaptation to high altitude that:
| increases production of hemoglobin | |
| suppresses vasodilatation for oxygen delivery |
| suppresses the typical hypoxia response | |
| increases the risk of pregnancy difficulties due to vascular supply issues |
| increases the typical developmental acclimatization response to high altitude |
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Question 382 pts
Upper Paleolithic toolkits are characterized by all except:
| bone tools | |
| blades |
| regional specializations | |
| bronze tools |
| burins |
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Question 392 pts
The Skhûl site is in ____________. One important aspect of this region in regards to Late Pleistocene hominin evolution is _____________.
| France, contemporaneous occupation by H. erectus and anatomically modern H. sapiens. | |
| East Africa, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens. |
| Israel, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens. | |
| France, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens. |
| Israel, contemporaneous occupation by H. erectus and anatomically modern H. sapiens. |
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Question 402 pts
Which statement is NOT true about clinal variation:
| traits with clinal variation have clearly defined geographic boarders | |
| it explains similarities between neighboring populations |
| traits with clinal variation differ gradually between neighboring populations | |
| human skin color is a trait with clinal variation |
| clinal variation refutes typological classifications of modern humans |
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Question 4114 pts
Match the description/definition with the site/subsistence practice
Located in East Africa and dated to 160,000-154,000 ya; cranial remains with modern human traits; includes remains of a child
Located in South Africa and dated to 165,000 ya; evidence of microliths
cultivation of crops; uses simple hand tools
Located in East Africa and dated to 196,000-104,000 ya; cranial framents with features identified as modern human
Located in Central Africa and dated to 80,000 ya; hooks for fishing are found here
farming that involves large plots of land and/or extensive irrigation
Located in Southwest Asia and dated to ~110,000 ya; cranial remains considered to be modern human but have some Neandertal features;
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Question 422 pts
One of the effects of larger population sizes during the Neolithic is:
| increase in subsistence variety | |
| increase tooth wear |
| increase in infectious disease | |
| decrease in craft specialization |
| decrease innovation in farming techniques |
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Question 432 pts
Based on the genetic adaptations that have been found in modern human populations that have differing amounts of starch in their diet, what would you expect to find in a foraging population that utilizes taro roots and yams?
| A majority of people will have at least 6 copies of the amylase gene in their genome | |
| A majority of people will have only 3 copies of the amylase gene in their genome |
| There have been no genetic adaptations found to be associated with increased frequency of starch in the diet | |
| A majority of people will have at least 6 copies of the lactase persistence gene in their genome |
| Older individuals will have more copies of the amylase gene than do younger individuals |
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Question 442 pts
Consider a hypothetical human population with limited access to medical care. Which of the following diseases is likely to be affected by natural selection? Choose all that apply.
| a heritable disease that kills affected individuals by the age of 10 | |
| a disease caused by environmental factors that kills some individuals by the age of 55. Some individuals have immunity to the effects of the disease. |
| a disease caused by environmental factors that kills some individuals by the age of 10. Some individuals have immunity to the effects of the disease. | |
| a heritable disease that kills affected individuals by the age of 55 |